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MATTER AND ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS

ECOSYSTEMS

An ecosystem is a set of interrelated beings living in a particular environment that influences them. In a distinct ecosystems: the biotope (physical environment) and biocenosis (living)

ECOSYSTEM = BIOTYPE + BIOCENOSIS

The biocenosis is constituted by all living things and we can call it community. Communities are formed by groups of organisms of different species. The bodies of the same species living in an interconnected ecosystem and the population consider a .

1) NAMES AND AGENCIES BIOCENOSIS BIOTYPE ECOSYSTEM FEATURES REPRESENTED IN THE SUPERIOR IMAGE


THE Biotic and abiotic


Living things in an ecosystem are influenced by other living things and the medium. Are what we call biotic and abiotic factors.

2) ABIOTIC NAMES OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CITED IN THE ACTIVITY

biotic We call the relationships established between living creatures of the same species (intraspecific relationships) or different species (interspecific relationships).

• RELATIONSHIPS Intraspecific

Within the same species can distinguish different types of relationships: thus we have families, neighborhoods, societies. Depending on the type of relationships are established grouping or aid competition among agencies within the group or not.

3) FIND THE KIND OF RELATIONSHIP OF EACH SPECIES

• INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONS

occur between individuals of different species and the main ones are: Predation

when one kills the other body and eats it. It would be a relationship (+,-). Parasitism

when an organism, host, who lives on another feeds without killing him but he causes injury. It would be a relationship (+,-).

Commensalism when one feeds on the remains left by another (0, +). Mutualism

when two individuals occasionally help (+,+). Symbiosis

when they help each other but have to live together (+,+). Competition

when fighting for the same resource. One wins and one loses (+,-).

4) EXERCISES ON

INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS

ecosystems in the matter and energy are going some other agencies. But there are differences in the flow. The material is recycled but energy is lost as heat. 5) VIEW THESE ANIMATIONS. List the names of several producers, consumers and decomposers.

TROPHIC CHAINS AND NETWORKS

ecosystem agencies establish a series of trophic relationships. If we represent these relations we can get chains or food webs. Another way of representation are trophic pyramids.

6) FIND THE COMPONENTS OF THE YEAR food chain


7) VIEW THE CARBON CYCLE AND COPY THE SCHEME

POLLUTION


Look at the map of Madrid. Each point corresponds to a station for measuring air pollution. Click on two of them, choose a cleaner and writes at what times the pollution levels are higher. 8) POLLUTION IN MADRID

9) WHAT IS WASTE IN EACH CONTAINER ECHA?.

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Issues related to the epidemiology of work

Articles of this chapter describes the principles and tools of epidemiological research. These articles focus on the assessment of exposure experienced by workers and the diseases that appear in these populations. This chapter also raises other ques-tions relating to the development of valuable conclusions on the possible causal links between exposure to hazardous substances and the onset of disease.

determine the history of exposures to which a person has been subjected throughout their working life is the core of the epidemiology of work. Information which can facilitate an epidemiological study depends, first, the quality and extent of available data on exposure. Second, the effects on health (or disease) of interest to the epidemiologist's work must be accurately determined in a group of workers clearly defined and accessible. Finally, the epidemiologist should have data on other factors that may influence the outcome of interest, so any effect of occupational exposures which is shown in the study could be attributed to occupational exposure per se, rather than to other causes known of the disease in question. For example, in a group of workers exposed to a chemical substance which is suspected to cause cancer of the lung, some workers may smoke or have smoked, this being another cause of lung cancer. In this case, epidemiologists are working to determine what exposure (or what risk factors: the chemical, snuff or a combination of both) is responsible for the increased risk of lung cancer in the group workers studied.