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PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AND WORK • Conclusion

worldwide, not only in developing countries but also in industrialized countries, there are many millions of workers whose jobs can be classified as poor from the point of view of their possible health effects and welfare. These workers may be classified in several categories are not exclu-sive, depending on the type of activity they perform and the relationship they have with their jobs and their company, such as: •

child workers;

• subcontracted workers and other contracts "atypical"

• linked enslaved and abused;

• informal sector workers;

• migrant workers;

• piece workers;

• unemployed and underemployed workers .

Among the factors common to all categories include: poverty, lack of education and training, the chance of exploitation and abuse, health problems and lack of adequate medical care, exposure to risks health and safety; the lack of protection by government agencies, even where they have established laws and regulations in this regard, the absence of social benefits (eg, minimum wage, unemployment insurance, health insurance and pensions), and lack of effective representation of movements that can improve their situation. Largely as victims is because poverty and lack of education and training, requiring them to accept any job available. In certain areas and in some sectors, the existence of these types of workers is enhanced by social and economic policies made explicit by Administration and even where prohibited by local law or the ratification of international, is promoted through deliberate neglect of public regulatory agencies. The costs borne by workers and their families about health problems, reduced life expectancy and the welfare implications are astronomical, sometimes, are kept from one generation to the next. For one reason or another, would be considered disadvantaged.

also the exploitation of labor is a detrimental aspect of the global economy in which most precarious work dangerous is transferred from rich to poor countries. Thus, precarious employment can and should be considered also from a macroeconomic standpoint. This issue is discussed in more detail in other sections of this Encyclopedia.

This article briefly summarizes the most important characteristics of these categories of employment and their effects on health and welfare of workers.